À la Renaissance, une nouvelle école de fortification émerge et pose les bases des nouvelles manières de défendre les places fortes. Elle introduit le glacis, une zone en pente douce, privée de tout couvert, qui entoure la forteresse. Autre nouveauté, le chemin couvert, qui sépare le fossé du glacis : il permet de déployer des mousquetaires, pour fusiller tout assaillant qui s’aventurerait sur le glacis. Il est légèrement en contrebas des courtines principales qui sont armées par les canons de la place, ce qui permet l’étagement des feux ; il n’est pas protégé côté forteresse, et n’offre donc aucun avantage après sa prise. L’usage de la terre extraite du fossé dans la construction redevient prépondérant, la maçonnerie est employée principalement pour bâtir deux murs encadrant le fossé, l’escarpe côté courtine et la contrescarpe côté glacis. La tour disparaît au profit du bastion, entre lesquels s’intercalent des demi-lunes, qui remplacent les premiers ouvrages détachés.
Toutes ces nouvelles techniques sont formalisées, en France, dans un premier traité de fortification : La fortification reduicte en art et demonstrée, écrit par Jean Errard et publié en 1604 (1554-1610) . Il y détermine les distances entre les ouvrages en fonction de la portée de l’arquebuse et préconise l’étagement des feux. Mathématicien et ingénieur militaire lorrain, Jean Errard, initialement au service de la cour Ducale de Lorraine, converti au protestantisme, s’est engagé au service du roi de France Henri IV, participant à différents sièges pour celui-ci dont celui d’Amiens (1597), dressant les plans de fortifications notamment en Picardie. Il accompagne son souverain dans les différentes campagnes menées pour conquérir son royaume, s’occupe des opérations de siège, construit des bastions et édifie de nouvelles fortifications. Il rédige aussi plusieurs ouvrages exposant ses réflexions géométriques et appliquant la géométrie aux fortifications. Il s’est largement appuyé sur les ingénieurs militaires italiens alors très en avance sur ceux des autres pays européens. En 1599, Henri IV, pour le remercier, le nomme ingénieur ordinaire des fortifications des provinces de Picardie et Île-de-France, et ainsi, il poursuit son œuvre jusqu’à sa mort (19 ou le 20 juillet 1610) qui suit de peu celle du roi.

Antoine Deville et Blaise de Pagan poursuivent son œuvre, en particulier en introduisant l’usage de réduits, au sein des ouvrages, pour retarder leur chute en fournissant aux défenseurs une position de repli où ils peuvent se réfugier et bénéficier d’un avantage, au sein même de l’ouvrage. Le principe de l’échelonnement dans la profondeur est né, il est ensuite perfectionné par leurs successeurs, dont Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban. Les Fortifications du chevalier Deville (1595-1656) publiées en 1628 donnèrent un système plus élaboré mais non fondamentalement différent1, en affinant la notion de flanquement et en divisant le chemin couvert. Le Traité des fortifications de Blaise François Pagan (1607-1667) introduisit quelques modifications qui inspirèrent directement Vauban, promoteur de la demi-lune (évolution de la barbacane), pour qui le bastion résulte du tracé sinueux brisé de l’enceinte. On peut également citer Daniel Specklin qui écrivit Architectura von Vestungen.
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